Saturday, December 28, 2019

The Importance Of Congress In Crafting American Foreign...

The President’s recent actions to send troops to Poland and Lithuania to defend our NATO allies has led to questions regarding the constitutionality of such action and the role congress plays in crafting American foreign policy. It is very important to understand these questions and the debates that surround them are not new to our nation. In fact, two of our nations most important founders, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, debated the balance of congressional and presidential power in foreign affairs all the way back in 1793. Similarly, the need to defend our NATO allies is nothing new. As Russia looks to expand its â€Å"sphere of influence† and return to its Cold War Self; we must ensure that our military and our NATO allies have the†¦show more content†¦Since then, Congress has remained a strong supporter in the Organization. As you will recall, both the U.S House of Representatives and Senate have recently voted, with near unanimous approval, amendmen ts stating Congress’s support to the NATO alliance. President Trump’s actions where made in the spirit of Congress’s longstanding commitment. James Madison himself points out that,† The natural province of the executive magistrate is to execute laws†¦ (Pyle, Pious 58).† President Trump actions to send troops to Eastern Europe is an example of the President executing the law of the land, in this case the NATO treaty. The execution of the law was done as a defense mechanism against Russian aggression. President Trump’s actions where in the spirit of collective defense defined in NATO’s charter of which has been approved by Congress continuously. Hypothetically, if the President were to make an offensive move against Russia he would need the approval of Congress, because he would no longer be following the protocol for NATO’s collective defense. This would remain the case until a member of NATO invokes the mutual self-defense c lause of the NATO treaty (Article Five). Alexander Hamilton wrote during the Neutrality Debate of 1793, â€Å"If the Legislature have a right to make war on the one hand—it is on the other the duty of the Executive to preserve Peace till war is declared†¦ (Pyle,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Hamdi et al. v. Rumsfeld4706 Words   |  19 Pagesdefense of the abuses at Guantanamo Bay. In this case, four British citizens are suing Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld as well as a host of Army and Air Force Generals and policy apparatchiks for allegedly authorizing the use of torture in Afghanistan and Guantanamo Bay. The four were captured in Afghanistan, either by Americans or America’s ally, the Northern Alliance, and transported to Guantanamo Bay in Cuba where they were held for over two years. Their status there was not as enemy combatantRead More How the United States Must Handle China and Its Military in the 21st Century4404 Words   |  18 PagesThere is a delicate balancing act a country must be aware of when it is a military superpower. A superpower must exercise extreme care to protect their economic superiority, advance their foreign policies, and project their military might all while working to advance the global system. Enticing China to become a responsible pillar of the global system will be one of the greatest challenges of coming decades for the United States and the Western world-particularly since it appears for the moment ChinaRead MoreA Research Study On The United States Method Of Survey Research2772 Words   |  12 Pagestheir wartime work had been a long term investment for science: if scientists did not come out into the world of practical affairs now and then to show what they could do they could not expect the public to support their basic research† (184).The importance of historicizing survey research method during this time period is because it is here that â€Å"the branch had helped in showing government that the social science indeed had somethin g practical and useful to offer† (171). 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Rev. ed. of: International management / Richard M. Hodgetts, Fred Luthans, Jonathan Doh. 6thRead MoreEssay on Framing the User: Social Constructions of Marijuana Users9798 Words   |  40 Pageslegitimacy and outcomes of user movements. In truth in fact, this distinction is somewhat artificial since many movements have similar elements to deal with. For example, the Civil Rights movement, in part, hinged on the public perception of African Americans. If the public perceived them as lazy, criminal, or whatever, then this would likely influence the public perception of the Civil Rights movement as a whole. 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Friday, December 20, 2019

Word Choice and Tone in Bradstreets The Author to Her Book

After reading The Author to her Book, it helps to know about the authors background. Anne Bradstreet wrote this poem after she had received her recently published book. The problem was that she did not want her book published. In her eyes, it was unfinished and full of mistakes. In the poem, she treats the book as a child and uses a satirical tone. Her choice of words and tone are very important to the theme of the poem. Some readers, mainly logical, would think that the author is simply talking about a child. The truth is that she is talking about her recently finished book. Bradstreet shows a mixture of emotions toward what just happened. The poem starts by speaking of a child. An ill-formed (1) child is mentioned. This indicates†¦show more content†¦She also expresses a tone of slight fear. She is afraid that others will judge the book because of all the errors in it rather than focusing on the content of the book. At thy return my blushing was not small, / My rambling br at (in print) should mother call. (7-8) These two lines show her embarrassment of the book. She was obviously not ready for the book to be expressed to the public, and she was mortified at the amount of mistakes she had made. She was ashamed to call it her book, and symbolized it as a brat (8) in her poem. She sees it as an ill-disciplined child for leaving her sight. Yet being mine own, at length affection would / Thy blemishes amend, if so I could: / I washed thy face, but more defects I saw, / And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw. (11-14) Bradstreet sees her book as a child that only a mother could love. She wanted to revise the book, but while she was reading the published copy, in her mind making changes, she only came across more problems. She would change one thing that would, in turn, make another thing wrong. She uses a loving yet critical tone for her book in this part of the poem. She does love her book, but, as aforementioned, she was not ready to publish it. But no ught save homespun cloth in the house I find. (18) Bradstreet continually notices things that she would have done differently, if given the chance. This line shows a tone of sadness and regret once again. She wanted toShow MoreRelatedAmerican Literature : A Look At Anne Bradstreet And Phyllis Wheatley1680 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom a wealthy, puritan family, and Wheatley, a slave taught to read and write by her owner, would make history with their published poems. Anne was born in Northampton, England in1612. She was the daughter of Thomas Dudley, the manager of the country estate of the Puritan Earl of Lincoln, and Dorothy Yorke (Anne). Due to her family s position, she grew up in cultured circumstances and, because she was apple of her daddy’s eye, he took great care to see that she received an education superior toRead MoreEssay about The Authors to Their Poems1951 Words   |  8 Pagestheir freedom and the construction of being a poet within the works. Dickinson and Bradstreet, however, wrote during different periods, where their styles greatly differed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the period in which Bradstreet published her works, males were the driving force in literature. For a woman to be publishing in the 1600s was very rare. Although schoolgirls during the period were encouraged to read and become educated at a basic level, these endeavors were not intended to produceRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesContemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Swimming Essay Example For Students

Swimming Essay Swimming Essay is a great sport. It works all of your body parts very well, and is very competitive, and everyone has a chance to succeed. You can also swim to stay in shape. Many great swimmers have passed through the sport. Mark Spits was un-arguably the best swimmer ever. He won 7 gold medals and set 7 world records at the olympics. Right now, Ian Thorpe, and australian is probably the best Freesyler ever. He also is only 17 and has been setting all kinds of records. Many others are writing their names in the record books. The olympics are going on now and are doing a good job at breaking records. Bibliography: . Most people learn to swim by imitating others, most often their parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. Most youngsters in also take lessons at swim clubs, community centers, schools, and recreational facilities. In addition, the American Swim Coaches Association (ASCA) and the American Red Cross sponsor programs that teach children about water safety. Instructors teach students skills that will make them safe, efficient, and confident swimmers. Beginners first put their heads in the water and blow bubbles by exhaling. Gradually, students progress to floating, treading water, and ultimately, learning the techniques of the major strokes. Individuals should not swim in conditions that their ability and experience will not allow them to handle. For inexperienced recreational swimmers, many safety hazards exist, even in a pool. These hazards include misjudging a dive and hitting ones head on the bottom, holding ones breath too long, becoming exhausted, and experiencing sudden cramps while too far from shore or other swimmers. The history of swimming dates back thousands of years. One of the earliest representations of swimming is an ancient Egyptian wall relief that shows soldiers of Pharaoh Ramses II. Swimming was very important in ancient Greece and Rome, especially as a form of training for warriors. In Japan, competitions were held as early as the 1st century BC. In Europe, swimming was less popular during the Middle Ages, swimming didnt pick up until the 19th century. In the late 19th century amateur swimming clubs began conducting competitions in the United States and Britain. In the United States, colleges and universities such as Yale University, Indiana University, and the University of Southern California played an important role in spreading interest in swimming as a competitive sport. In 1875 Matthew Webb of Great Britain became the first person to swim across the English Channel. Webb swam between Dover, England, and the coast of France near Calais, where the channel is more than 20 mi in width. By 1896 swimming had become well established. It was one of the sports at the first modern Olympic Games, held that year in Athens, Greece. Despite the popularity of swimming as a whole, the use of performance-enhancing drugs has cast a shadow over some of the individual accomplishments in the sport. Some athletes were even secretly given drugs, without their knowledge, their coaches. Many of these athletes later suffered major health problems. Words / Pages : 514 / 24 .

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Globalization and Expansion of Businesses

Question: Discuss about the Globalization and Expansion of Businesses. Answer: Introduction Business success is truly dependent on the various decision criterias that businesses make. Every business has its own issues and challenges that it faces and then adopts various decision criteria have to overcome the same. Decision criteria play an important in every business function, and challenges faced. The major decision criteria that a company faces are in regards to increasing its market share and profitability. In order to attend to the same various possible strategic alternatives are evaluated by the company. The report has been written in broad perspective involving the various steps of decision criteria incorporating in specifics from Adobe case study in the video. The analysis has been done on the basis of interview given by Stephen Hamill, Managing Director of Adobe for South East Asia. The issues that he had highlighted and the potential causes for the issue and then subsequently the various alternatives adopted by the company is also highlighted in the analysis. In th e end implementation and implication for the decision criteria has been applied. Issues Companies globally are facing a wide range of issues for which they need to develop a decision criterion. The decisions needs to be specific to the issues and challenges faced in businesses. The various issues that businesses face today in the dynamic environment are in regards to financial, marketing, environmental, human resources and so on. The complexity and range of problems are dependent on the organization. an ideal example of an issue faced by a leading software manufacturer is Adobe, which was established in the year 1982. Since inception it focused on the strong customer base and partner relationships. The Adobe software was the outcome of the efforts made by John Warnock and Chuck Geschke. Since last 25 years adobe has proved its excellence in capturing wider market, like any other companies adobe has been the leading market player in software business but the major issue lied on shaping the business how to make a successful company like Adobe a more bigger and successful company and capture the widest market share in the coming years. When the company is able to deal with this issue then it is also able to increase its share price in the market and attract a wide range of investors. The major considerations while dealing with a pertinent issue in business is to account for its ethical consideration built into the decision criteria. Causes Causes forms an important and integral part of the decision criteria as the underlying origins of the problems needs to be determined. Causes for the issues in decision criteria may reflect origins specific to the issues or any surrounding issues. In order to focus on the causes and take out relevant data proper analysis and understanding of the company problem is must. The major cause of issue in Adobe was market saturation, where the company existing volume of services and products has reached the maximized state. Adobe in its current market needs to develop a new innovative product for further growth and development. As a result Adobe came up with biotechnology method for its large customer base. The challenge faced by the company was to reach the customer base as this professional technology was very expensive to afford. Many customers did not buy this technology as they used to operate the pirated versions as the piracy rate was very high. Lack of legal right to the product made it more difficult for customers to access the technology and hence greatly decreased the popularity for this product. This cause was the major potential threat for Adobe in its decreasing market share as well as share price. Alternatives In decision criteria for organizations when a particular issue is faced then the causes for the issues is analyzed. All the several causes post their analysis, alternative courses of actions is prepared. These alternatives form the basis of the solutions to the challenges the company is currently facing. Alternatives depends upon the choice of the business leaders, an ethical organization is more likely to follow an alternative that yields value based solution. Similarly a business that follows or is more prone to unethical course of action might not consider value systems. While analyzing the case problem for Adobe it has been seen that the company is facing immense challenges in regards to its market. Whenever Adobe comes up with a new product customers starts struggling to get the pirated version of it to avoid paying thousands of dollars to acquire the original software. But in order to combat this situation Adobe has come up with a new technology which is not packed and sold in boxes but which is a subscription package of cloud model which were made available to the customers at very reasonable rate. This product could not be pirated as the original versions are available at a reasonable price, hence customers can have the ownership of the original adobe product. Though piracy still exists, Adobe needs to provide excellent service in order to get the stickiness of their customers. Adobe can also consider lowering the price of its existing products. The delivery of cloud based technologies, its services and transferring of files via mobile app from one mobile to another requires a subscription plan. With the lower subscription price Adobe can minimize the piracy of its software, by converting customers to use the original version. The winning edge over piracy can only be achieved when the company provides excellent services to increase customer satisfaction and grow into a much bigger company. These are the various alternatives considered by the Adobe in order to face the challenges faced by it. Accordingly various businesses will have various problems and alternative courses for solutions. It is only pertinent to select the correct alternative that incorporates in ethical norms and procedures. Decision criteria The decision criteria for any business issue is dependent on the above steps of diagnosing issues, then finding relevant causes and final arrival of the solution to the problem. Each of the decision criteria decided upon by the company is based on several strategic choices that the company makes for its various processes. The decision criteria involve evaluating major strategic alternatives for the company. The best decision at the end of the process is selected that encompasses companys vision, mission and norms. The below table reflects the decision criterias that businesses needs to consider prior to their application in business. Objectives Decision Criteria Definition Issues and causes Launching of new advanced product to spread the market share Launching of new products when market saturation is reached Interactions with employees Open and honest communication and maintaining the work environment Employees are treated fairly and communication are transparent and open to the employees at each level providing vibrant and safe environment and protecting the employees against discrimination and harassment Interaction with customers, clients Adopting fair and responsible approach Customer satisfaction is the priority which will further lead to upsell of the product Innovations and involvement Giving back to the communities where they operate and helping their users Adobe is continuously striving to fulfill these criterias Business interactions Fair dealings and open and justifiable competition Supporting documents for all the sales and not involving in any deals which hinders the competition level. Table 1 : Decision Criteria Source : 21 Recommended Solution Recommended solutions are totally dependent on the decision criteria and evaluation of the alternative courses of action. Every business decision is primarily taken up by senior members of the business along with their shareholders view of the same. It is always acceptable that business leaders adopt strategies and solutions that are beneficial to business performances. Business ethics and corporate responsibility norms needs to build into each and every aspect of recommendation. Recommendations is totally dependent on the type of business, the expectations that stakeholders of business holds for it and the strategic goals for the organization. In the case study for Adobe, Adobe Photoshop has been a major booster towards the revenue earnings of the company. The company has moved up from providing desktop technology and software to a technology provider for larger business enterprises .The cloud subscription launched by Adobe has led to the decrease in piracy with its presence and accessibility in the market at reasonable prices and outstanding services. Adobe Livcycle, a family product which helps business to manage the information flow within the organization in a secured manner. Adobe Integrated runtime (AIR) has the capability to transform the web applications into a branded desktop application which can be accessed online, offline and at occasionally environment. Adobe reader is the most widely used product which is easily available online and are accessed in office laptop, computers and desktops at every level. Adobe flash player had aided the user to create and work on advance multimedia contents on digital platform. The company has successful in laying down the industry standards and is accepted and recognized globally. Adobe creative designs help the industries to outperform in laying down the creativity workflow which further increases the revenue of adobe. Adobe also acquired Adobe shockwave and Flash making adobe the largest software company with designed products. Implementation and Implication Any decision criteria selected by the company needs to be implemented in order to yield appropriate results. The implications will be dependent on the decision criteria made and implementation of the same. In the implementation phase for the case study example, Adobe analytics implementation includes terms, code and information on how data is collected. The implementation is best understood by; Reports and report suits It is a complete independent reporting set on a chosen website or web pages. The global segment can be combined to get several numbers of sites but usually a report suit is one website. Metrics It is the foundation of reports which let you understand data relationship and side by side gives information about comparison of data sets about your website. Analytics code-Here the Java Script implementation is used to send data to Analytics. In report suit data is sent to display in reporting. Data Collection Through Adobe multiple ways were created to send data into Analytics. The methods or techniques used in tracking information from websites, client-server applications, kiosks, emails, mobile devices etc. can access internet. Marketing Cloud Debugger- The Digital Pulse Debugger or Adobe Debugger is a tool which is provided by Adobe is a free tool which enables to view the collected data from the site on any given page. Adobe being a single user software anticipated several market trends-from universal print language to distribution of electronic documents. Adobe products have created relationship in an organization between partners and customers. Adobe in future will come up with new avenues for collaboration using its interactive documents like Acrobat and PDF9Portable Document Format. References Adobe. "Challenges." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqXRrrrnZlkfeature=youtu.be, Retrieved on 19th August, 2016. Ahmad, Norita, Berg, Daniel, and Simons, R. Gene. "The integration of analytical hierarchy process and data envelopment analysis in a multi-criteria decision-making problem."International Journal of Information Technology Decision Making5, no. 02 (2006): 263-276. Boran, Fatih Emre, Gen, Serkan, Kurt, Mustafa, and Akay, Diyar. "A multi-criteria intuitionistic fuzzy group decision making for supplier selection with TOPSIS method."Expert Systems with Applications36, no. 8 (2009): 11363-11368. Bouyssou, Denis, Marchant, Thierry, Pirlot, Marc, Tsoukis, Alexis, and Vincke, Philippe.Evaluation and decision models with multiple criteria: Stepping stones for the analyst. Vol. 86. Springer Science Business Media, 2006. Bowditch, James L., Buono, Anthony F., and Stewart, M. Marcus.A primer on organizational behavior. Wiley, 2007. DaÄÅ ¸deviren, Metin, and Yksel, Ä °hsan. "Developing a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model for behavior-based safety management."Information Sciences178, no. 6 (2008): 1717-1733. Dodgson, J. S., Spackman, Michael, Pearman, Alan, and Phillips, L. D.. "Multi-criteria analysis: a manual." (2009). Glyn, Elwyn , O'Connor, Annette, Stacey, Dawn, Volk, Robert, Edwards, Adrian, Coulter, Angela, Thomson, Richard et al. "Developing a quality criteria framework for patient decision aids: online international Delphi consensus process."Bmj333, no. 7565 (2006): 417. Gandibleux, Xavier, ed.Multiple criteria optimization: state of the art annotated bibliographic surveys. Vol. 52. Springer Science Business Media, 2006. Greene, Randal, Rodolphe Devillers, Joan E. Luther, and Brian G. Eddy. "GISà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based Multipleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Criteria Decision Analysis."Geography Compass5, no. 6 (2011): 412-432. Herzberg, Frederick, Mausner, Bernard, and Snyderman, Bloch Barbara.The motivation to work. Vol. 1. Transaction publishers, 2011. Ho, William, Xu, Xiaowei, and Dey, Prasanta K.. "Multi-criteria decision making approaches for supplier evaluation and selection: A literature review."European Journal of Operational Research202, no. 1 (2010): 16-24. Koltko-Rivera, Mark E. "Rediscovering the later version of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Self-transcendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification."Review of general psychology10, no. 4 (2006): 302. Levin, Phillip S., Fogarty, Michael J., Murawski, Steven A., and Fluharty, David. "Integrated ecosystem assessments: developing the scientific basis for ecosystem-based management of the ocean."PLoS Biol7, no. 1 (2009): e1000014. Linkov, Igor, Satterstrom, F. K., Kiker, Gc, Batchelor, Cd, Bridges, Td, and Ferguson, Ed. "From comparative risk assessment to multi-criteria decision analysis and adaptive management: Recent developments and applications."Environment International32, no. 8 (2006): 1072-1093. Lynam, Timothy, Jong, Wil De, Sheil, Douglas, Kusumanto, Trikurnianti, and Evans, Kirsten. "A review of tools for incorporating community knowledge, preferences, and values into decision making in natural resources management."Ecology and society12, no. 1 (2007). Munro, Salla, Lewin, Simon, Swart, Tanya, and Volmink, Jimmy. "A review of health behaviour theories: how useful are these for developing interventions to promote long-term medication adherence for TB and HIV/AIDS?."BMC public health7, no. 1 (2007): 1. Need, What Competencies Do HR Professionals. "Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage." (2006). Rahmani, Nooshin, Talebpour, Alireza, and Ahmadi, Taher. "Developing aMulti criteria model for stochastic IT portfolio selection by AHP method."Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences62 (2012): 1041-1045. Saaty, Thomas L. "Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process."International journal of services sciences1, no. 1 (2008): 83-98. Sell, Joachim, Koellner, Thomas, Weber, Olaf, Pedroni, Lucio, and Scholz, Roland W.. "Decision criteria of European and Latin American market actors for tropical forestry projects providing environmental services."Ecological Economics58, no. 1 (2006): 17-36. Triantaphyllou, Evangelos.Multi-criteria decision making methods: a comparative study. Vol. 44. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Wang, Jian-Jun, and Yang, De-Li. "Using a hybrid multi-criteria decision aid method for information systems outsourcing."Computers Operations Research34, no. 12 (2007): 3691-3700. Yu, Po-Lung.Multiple-criteria decision making: concepts, techniques, and extensions. Vol. 30. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. 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Thursday, November 28, 2019

6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know

6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know 6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know 6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know By Daniel Scocco Whether you like it or not, foreign expressions represent an integral part of the English language (and of many other languages, too). Knowing the meaning and usage of the most used ones is very important. First of all because it will enable you to understand pieces of text that include them. Secondly, because you might also need to use those expressions on particular situations (avoid using them just to sound smart though). Below you will find 6 foreign expressions commonly used in English, enjoy! 1. De Facto De facto is a Latin expression that means â€Å"actual† (if used as an adjective) or â€Å"in practice† (if used as an adverb). In legal terms, de facto is commonly used in contrast to de jure, which means â€Å"by law.† Something, therefore, can emerge either de facto (by practice) or de jure (by law). And what of the plastic red bench, which has served as his de facto home for the last 15 years and must by now be a collectors item? (NY Times) 2. VisVis The literal meaning of this French expression is â€Å"face to face† (used as an adverb). It is used more widely as a preposition though, meaning â€Å"compared with† or â€Å"in relation to.† Its going to be a huge catalyst in moving the whole process forward and it really strengthens the U.S. position vis-a-vis our trading partners (Yahoo! News) 3. Status quo This famous Latin expression means the current or existing state of affairs. If something changes the status quo, it is changing the way things presently are. Bush believes that the status quo the presence in a sovereign country of a militant group with missiles capable of hitting a U.S. ally is unacceptable. (Washington Post) 4. Cul-de-sac This expression was originated in England by French-speaking aristocrats. Literally it means â€Å"bottom of a sack,† but generally it refers to a dead-end street. Cul-de-sac can also be used metaphorically to express an action that leads to nowhere or an impasse. But the code of omerta was in effect for two carloads of fans circling the cul-de-sac to have a look at the house. (Reuters.com) A cul-de-sac of poverty (The Economist) 5. Per se Per se is a Latin expression that means â€Å"by itself† or â€Å"intrinsically.† The mistake it made with the Xbox is that there is no game console market per se; there are PlayStation, GameCube, and Xbox markets. (PCMag.com) 6. Ad hoc Ad hoc, borrowed from the Latin, can be used both as an adjective, where it means â€Å"formed or created with a specific purpose,† and as an adverb, where it means â€Å"for the specific purpose or situation.† The World Banks board on Friday ordered an ad hoc group to discuss the fate of President Paul Wolfowitz (CNN) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 10150 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)How Many Sentences in a Paragraph?

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Inside Caligari and The Last Laugh essays

Inside Caligari and The Last Laugh essays The films, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and The Last Laugh were very important films. They opened new doors to cinema. They showed the world that films dont have to leave you feeling really good about life and the world we live in. By this I mean that the two films listed above tell the viewers about the power people posses and the misuse of that power. There are different ways to misuse power; the rich take power for granted, and in Caligaris case, well, he madly misuses his status as the head doctor of the asylum. My basic idea for this essay is to show that power is derived from different sources; money, status, attitude, and appearance, however, that power isnt always used for the best purposes. The films use expressionistic devices to support my thesis in ways that compare to and appose one another. In Caligari there were several instances where expressionism was used. The set of Caligari was the first obvious expressionistic device used. The shadows on the set were perfect for the somnambulist Cesare to stalk his unsuspecting victims. He gained control of all of his prey by using the set to blend and then emerge with element of surprise. He had a dark, unrealistic look that fit in with the dark shadows that were sometimes painted onto the set. Cesares victims had nowhere to hide, however, he had everywhere to hide. Basically the set portrayed the atmosphere of the movie; black, warped, and fairly unrealistic. The slanted buildings and the painted backdrops and walkways gave the viewer the initial sense of something wrong in their midst. The Last Laugh didnt try to make the viewer feel awkward, but it did use its set to give the viewer a strong shift in emotion. At the beginning the doorman was on top of the world in his position, but after he was unable to peform his duties, he was demoted to the bathroom attendant. Here the set takes on the unrealistic form. The bathro...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

CONTROLLED MOVEMENT AREA VIOLATIONS AND REDUCTION METHODS Thesis

CONTROLLED MOVEMENT AREA VIOLATIONS AND REDUCTION METHODS - Thesis Example The research topic is â€Å"Types of Violations of CMA rules and the Proposed. The methodology used includes questionnaires and interviews as the primary data collection methods since the studies are qualitative. In the statistical section, the data analysis tools used on the sample sizes were factor analysis and regression methods. The CMA incursions are on the increase and the domestic airports are technologically capable of handling any negative occurrences. There will a statistical significance on the situation when the interviewees respond with a (p>0.6) margin in disapproval of the null hypothesis. Any figure less than that will not be recorded as significant. The technologies used in aircraft health monitoring aspect include use of the approved intra-aviation techniques such as the Airport Surface Detection Equipment and Model X (ASDE-X). These are some of the foolproof ways of approaching the issue. On the social aspect the promotion of safety using reliable and cost effective aircraft will not only impact the aviation positively but also increase the profitability of airlines. As it occurred, few accidents will encourage frequent travel. The environmental and political aspect always depends on the support in the early stages with stakeholders who include as operators, maintainers, and managers and so on. The project proposal outcomes were on the conclusion that the aviation industry’s fundamentals require all the five factors to operate well. In this outcome, the type of research was varied between correlations /descriptions and secondary means that included data that was collected and made available by The AFFA. The collection methods used were secondary methods and the data was compiled from experts in the Airfield Management Career Field. Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) is the epic centre with an analysis using the ANOVA that provided the sought after results. Some unsafe acts such as

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Crocargo Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crocargo Logistics - Essay Example The business has been unable to generate enough capital to increase the ultimate profitability of the firm. The fundamental problem highlighted in this case is that of an inadequate costing system and an internal environment characterized by friction. The company is operating in a very hostile and competitive marketplace. The costing system that is needed to support the operations of the company is totally inadequate to keep the company operational for a very long time. The current costing system has been developed by the company’s operations manager who is more than satisfied with her costing system. She is not willing to take anyone’s opinion regarding the problems inherent in her system, as a result of which the company is not accounting for the costs it is actually incurring. The general manger of the company has finally realized this problem and has called for an external help who would suggest a more competitive costing method. Introduction An activity-based costi ng technique is one of those techniques which enable a company to identify its costs objects more accurately. This aspect of this technique has profound implications on a business, for instance it allows a company to identify unnecessary costs, price its products or services more efficiently and last but not the least it allows a company to be more competitive in its industry. ... So it goes like more the environment is competitive, more the costing system needs to be sophisticated. The costing system should effectively match costs with different cost objects. All these objects are integral to the ABC costing system (Brimson, 1991). Since the level of competition is high in the service competition, therefore a service firm needs to accurately estimate its costs. This new change in the industry has made costing a strategic issue; it has become so important that it effects long-term strategic decisions as well as day-to-day operating decisions. Costing has become so important because it helps a firm in: product or service organization, staffing and resource allocation. Accurate costing allows a company to plan resource consumption, price services properly and implement different strategies. But it is very difficult to initiate an Activity Based costing in a service firm, because in a service firm an employee is engaged in multiple activities involving different time-period. This makes it difficult to trace the resources consumed by a cost object (Cagwin and Bouwman, 2002). Even though the service industry is interested in implementing an activity based costing system, but since these models are made using the activity based costing models of a manufacturing firm as frame of reference, therefore the industry is facing multiple problems with regards to this technique’s implementation. The fundamental problem for this service industry is the absence of inventory, which receives an utmost importance while undergoing a valuation process. Other important cost variables are direct material and labor which are also absent in a service industry. This leads to a problem of estimating

Monday, November 18, 2019

Negative Impacts of Oil Exploration on Nigerias Biodiversity Essay

Negative Impacts of Oil Exploration on Nigerias Biodiversity - Essay Example It is Africa’s largest wetland, which consists of flat and low lying swamps that are a result of sediment deposition beautifully arranged in a terrain. The area has four different ecological zones which include coastal barrier islands, mangrove swamp forests, fresh water swamps and lowland rainforests. Due to this diverse ecosystem, the delta is one of the world’s most concentrated regions in biodiversity. Not only does it have the potential of supporting abundant fauna and flora, it has the potential of sustaining agricultural production. The freshness of the water gives it the ability of harbouring fresh water fish as well as a water catchment area for domestic consumption. However, the biodiversity has been destroyed by oil exploration activities around the area, and is proving to be a threat to the environment of the place. This paper will look at the various negative impacts of oil exploration in Nigeria has had on the biodiversity. Statistically according to Kadaf a (2012, p. 18) Nigeria ranks at first position in the world with flare gas, constituting 46% of Africa’s total flared gas per tonne of oil produced. This accounted for 19.79 per cent of the total global figure in the 1990s. During the period between 1970 and 1979, the average rate of gas flaring in Nigeria stood at 97%. In the period between 1980 and 1989 saw 97% of gas being flared while the years between 1990 and 1999 saw a total of 97% of gas be flared in Nigeria. Most of the gas extracted in the delta is immediately flared into the environment at a rate of 70 million/m3 per day. Gas flaring is the biggest contributor of air pollution in the Niger delta (Edino, et a., 2010, p. 67). Gas flaring emits greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere which include methane and carbon dioxide, the major contributors of global warming. Environmentalists argue that air pollutants are highly concentrated in the Niger Delta than in the rest parts of Nigeria as a result of oil extraction. Gas flare sites produce a lot of heat, which is as high as 1,600 Celsius, making it a major contributor of thermo pollution. Moreover, areas as far as 43.8 metres away from the sites experience temperatures of close to 400 Celsius, which negatively affect the vegetation and animal life and affects ecological equilibrium (Emoyan, 2008, p. 30-34). Global warming is potentially dangerous to the sea level of the low laying coastal areas as it potentially raises the sea level. Evidence of environmental degradation of the delta include inundation on large scale, increased coastal erosion, modification of habitats as wildlife are redistributed in the area, increased intensity of high rainfall events which is associated with increased run off. Soil erosion is a major occurrence as flash floods are common in the region while ocean storm surges have been a frequent occurrence (Kadafa, p. 2012, p. 20). Combined, these effects on the environment potentially jeopardize the survival of communities l iving in the region. Gas flares have been responsible for rain water and ground water acidification, research has indicated. Evidence shows that the Niger delta has high levels concentration of volatile oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur oxide which exceeding normal standards of federal environmental protection agency. Due to the increased pollution levels, water from shallowly dug wells has indicated the presence of low pH levels, a cause of acid rain. The effects of acid rain cannot be underestimated. Not only does it corrode roofing sheets of houses and commercial buildings, it also damages vegetation as well as contaminate pools, lakes and rivers which are home for fish and other marine life (Akpomuvie, 2011, p. 206). Oil mining in the Niger delta

Friday, November 15, 2019

Should the government be blamed for increase in human trafficking

Should the government be blamed for increase in human trafficking What is human trafficking and where does it happen? Human trafficking is the business of helping people to enter a country illegally and forcing them to work there for very little money because they have no rights (Macmillan Dictionary, 2010). Practically, it happens all over the world. Below is a true story of one of the human trafficking victims who survived. I dont know who my parents are. As a child I remember being cold all the time. I was abandoned and raped when I was 12. Two years later I was sold off and forced to marry. My husband would get drunk, he beat me and raped me, hed fire bullets which passed just by my head or my feet. I took the gun and shot him in the foot. I was 15. I didnt want to kill him, just hurt him as he had hurt me. Im more of a Buddhist now, and I try to be reasonable. But when I see rapists I see red. Im not perfect. My husband sold me to a brothel. I had to accept five or six clients a day. Once a client called me and another girl; he said he was with just one other man. In fact, there were 20 of them; they treated us so badly I wanted revenge. I wanted to kill the man who called us. Then I thought his family would suffer, so I left him alone (Follain, 2005). In the TIP Reports of 2004 all the way through 2006, it was stated that about 600,000 to 800,000 victims are reported to be trafficked across international borders each year. According to International Labor Organization in year 2005, about 32 billion profits were made by the human trafficking industry (Polaris Project, 2009). Victims can be trafficked in many ways. Scam, force and enforcement are several ways how victims can be trafficked (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, 2010).There are so many factors that can contribute to human trafficking. Among them are the ineffective anti-trafficking legislation, ineffective government enforcement, lack of education, poverty and many more (Caritas.org, n.d.). The list can go on and on but the main question is who should be blamed for the rise in human trafficking? Abraham Lincoln once said, If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong (Better World Quotes, 2010). Even though many people agree that many agents play a role in combating human trafficking, the government should be solely blamed for the rise in human trafficking as they play the biggest role in contributing to the rise of this issue. Firstly, lack of government enforcement causes an increase in human trafficking. Government has weak implementation of anti-trafficking laws especially in countries like India. For example, the Nepals 2008 Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act has not successfully decreased the rate of human trafficking. According to Shyam Kumar Pokharel, the managing director of Samrakshak Samuha Nepal, this weak implementation of law has led the traffickers to operate without difficulty. There were many times traffickers were caught but only few of them were found guilty. This shows the weak implementation of law had not help to decrease the number of traffickers at all. Besides that, the government also practices non intervention in the immigration procedure and identification of traffickers. Most of the times the NGOs were the one who lend a helping hand instead of the government. There are many cases that were not reported. Up to the year 2010, only 123 cases were reported. These ca ses are only a portion of the actual number of cases of human trafficking (IRIN, 2010). In addition, law enforcement is also often vulnerable by many like official indifferences. For example, in Thailand, the police do not want to acknowledge migrants who were mistreated by traffickers as trafficking victims. There was a case in April 2008 whereby 57 Burmese who were supposed to be trafficked into Thailand got suffocated in a container. The police denied the fact that they are trafficking victims instead stated that they are illegal immigrants. On the other hand, the United Nation classifies trafficking victims as anyone who is transported for purposes of exploitation (Head, 2008). Furthermore, another reason for the increase in human trafficking is because criminals are gaining authority and law enforcement people are becoming more corrupt making it difficult to end human trafficking (Hughes, 2001). Law enforcement is vulnerable by conspiracy with traffickers, lacking regulatory devices and failure to prosecute public officials involved in trafficking. Law enforcement also tends to have excessive controls over victims as they put their needs first hence causing victims unwilling to be a witness. This just shifts the control from the traffickers to the law enforcement officials (Lin et. al, n.d.). Hence, it can be concluded that lack of government enforcement causes an increase in human trafficking. Secondly, lack of suitable and successful legislation on trafficking also contributes to the increase in human trafficking. Most of the countries had legislation that cannot counter attack the rise in this issue. The legislation in most countries does not take legal action directly on people convicted for human trafficking crime. Most of the time, the legislators take this issue lightly. Even when trafficking cases are very apparent, the traffickers might not be prosecuted for the crime of trafficking but for lighter punishment like prostitution or pimping. Besides that, existing trafficking laws are only confined to sexual exploitation and not other types of slavery. Next, governments focus too much on how to punish others but less on how to prevent this issue from rising (Lin et. al, n.d.). An example of an ineffective legislation is the Trafficking Victims Protection Act or TVPA. TVPA is the only national anti-trafficking law. One weakness about this law is that it only punishes t hose who can be verified guilty in the court that is those who are involved in force, coercion or scam. However, the traffickers can easily cover up this wrong doings and it would be a difficult task to prove these traffickers guilty. Besides that, this process might take months or even a few years. A trafficking victim does not have the capability to fight the case. With this, the TVPA seems meaningless as it could not really help the trafficking victims nor punish the traffickers (Brannon, 2010). In addition, trafficked victims and not the traffickers were given cruel punishment. This happens because of the ineffective judicial system. Instead of helping those victims, the authorities mistreat the victims by locking them up in jail. Thus the authorities do not treat them as victims but as criminals. Das family is a good proof of this case. Das father had become one of the trafficking victims who were tricked to work in Bangkok. Das mother had to pay a large amount of money to get him back. Da and her mother went and beg. However, not long after that police picked them up and sent them to jail pending for their transfer back to Cambodia (Bjork and Chalk, 2009). On the other hand, the traffickers are well protected and are not punished for their wrongs. Occasionally, sex trafficking victims were sent back to their country of origin after being arrested in brothel raids. Then, they will have to face embarrassment as many people will look down on them (Tiefenbrun, 2002). Hence, t he government should be blamed for ineffective anti-trafficking legislation. Thirdly, the situation in the country of origin also leads to human trafficking. One of the main causes of human trafficking is poverty. More than half of the citizens survive only on US$ 1 per day in places where victims stayed (Getu, 2006). Many victims of human trafficking came from poor country where they live in poverty. Then, the next question asked is who is responsible for causing poverty. Governments are the ones to be blamed as they refuse to acknowledge poverty (Huckstep, 2009-2010). Although these trafficking victims knew that they are going to be underpaid by private enterprise, these victims who live in poverty are still attracted to the pay. This is because they know that this pay is better than continuing to live in poverty in their own country. Besides that, there are some governments that persuade their citizens to work abroad. In order to pay back the international debts, countries like Philippine had developed a program called the Philippine Labor Export Program t o persuade their citizens to work abroad for the in-flow of overseas income even though the work is hazardous (Oxman-Martinez et. al, 2000). Furthermore, governments poor ruling politically, socially and economically also contributes to the increase of human trafficking. This causes countries to be prone to become a source of trafficking victims even if laws are carried out properly (Ghosh, 2008). Besides that, many children, even those as young as two years old are trafficked and exploited from Bangladesh, Pakistan, in South Asia and Africa and countries in the East Africa as camel jockeys in the Gulf states. These children have no bright future because they do not have useful skills or teachings and they are physically and psychologically traumatized for a very long time (U.S. Department of State, 2005). Some of the victims of trafficking want to find for a better education but they were tricked and became victims of human trafficking. Thus, in terms of education, government is also responsible for the lack of education as some governments do not do much to improve the education in their countries. Governments should be more engaged in and come out with positive ways to tackle the lack of education as it can cause human trafficking, eventually. Thus, governments are to be blamed for causing the country to be in a poor state and more citizens become victims of human trafficking. Fourthly, the lack of unity between governments and other institutions is also one of the causes for the rise in this issue. Since there is a lack of national anti-trafficking plans, most of these plans are developed within the perspective of each individual agencys mission. Eventually, plans are poorly developed as they are not based on a higher level supervision (Langberg, 2010). National structures were established by South Eastern Europe and there is a noticeable progress made. However, the national structures that are established did not mean human trafficking was combated successfully. Combating human trafficking is initiated by the local NGOs then only it was supported by international and intergovernmental organizations. The purpose of this structure is to shift the duty to governments but instead governments take over the NGOs that was administrating the programs (Trafficking in Human Beings in South Eastern Europe, 2004). In addition, there is also a lack of government programs and funding with other institutions. For example, in Romania, the government does not give much assistance with anti-trafficking NGOs and did not assigned funding for NGOs to provide services and carry out programs for human trafficking victims after National Agency against Trafficking in Persons (NAATIP) became an assistant agency of the National Police under the Ministry of Interior (Embassy of the United States Bucharest Romania, 2010). There are different definitions by the government and NGO that causes a gap between them. Government defines human trafficking according to United Nation but the NGO defines trafficking based on the result only. In order to prove this, we can look at the different statistics of human trafficking by NGOs and governments (Piper, 2005). According to International Justice Mission, an NGO who claim to cooperate with the government to combat human trafficking, almost 2 million children are exploite d in the commercial sex trade (International Justice Mission, n.d.). However, this contradicts with the statistics given by the U.S. Department of State in 2005 that stated 1 million children are exploited in the commercial sex trade (Polaris Project, 2009). Based on the difference in statistic, we can say that NGO and governments have different definition of human trafficking. Hence, it can be concluded that lack of governments cooperation with other institutions also increases the number of human trafficking cases. However, there are some people who think that the media should be blamed for the increase in human trafficking as well. Newspapers, television and radio are examples of media that play a vital role in educating the public on human trafficking. Gradually, the Internet also can play a role in tackling this issue. The media can highlight the rise of this issue and how it affects everybody. Conversely, media coverage is weak in many parts of the world (UN.Gift, 2006). There is no wide medias exposure on human trafficking issue on an international level and the coverage is somewhat inadequate (Bruckert and Parent, 2002). The media should give a report that is reliable and fair. They should also help to inform and increase the understanding of the public on the advantages, disadvantages and the perils of human trafficking (Lin et. al, n.d.). In America, the media was also one of the mediums for human trafficking. Newspapers, radios and especially the Internet gave false advertisements and false job opportunities in order to tricked American citizens to become victims of human trafficking. The media was also used to support and promote demand for marketable sexual services (International Human Rights Law Institute DePaul University College of Law, 2005). At the same time, private enterprise should also be blamed for the increase in human trafficking. Private enterprise should take part of the blame because 2.5 million out of 9.8 million abused by private sectors, are victims of human trafficking. Private sectors had made a lot of profits from trafficked victims and majority of the profit comes from industrialized countries (Belser et. al, 2005). Besides that, there are times when the employers fail to work in the same mind with organizations to combat human trafficking. For example, an employers organization had started a program in Kunming City, China to motivate employers to go against exploitation of workers and human trafficking. This program also motivates employers to monitor themselves through anti-trafficking network especially in sectors where human trafficking is more obvious. However, employers seem to be neglecting this use or fail to see the importance of this issue to their work. There are some employers who refuse to j oin in trainings. Furthermore, employers demand contradicts with this program organized by the employers organization (International Labour Organization, n.d.). Thus, private enterprise should also blamed and not just solely the government. Many people blame the media for the increase in human trafficking. One thing that many people are unaware of is that many media are possessed by governments. A study was done in 97 countries and it was found that most of the media firms are possessed by the governments especially in broadcasting. Governments ownership is supposed to bring exposure of information like traditions which might not be provided by private enterprise (Djankov et. al, 2001). However, if the media is one of the mediums for human trafficking, this shows that the governments have weak ownership over the media. This all goes back to square one that is governments are the one to be blamed. Eventually governments are causing an increase in human trafficking. Besides that, many people also blame the private enterprise for the increase human trafficking but people should consider the responsibilities of the government in controlling the private enterprise. In actual fact, government should be blamed for they have not set strict rules and regulations. This is especially true in Japan where criminal organizations, like Yakusa, control the victims, more so sex trafficking victims, as law enforcer care less about them. This shows that governments are not paying attention to human trafficking and at the same time denying it. Thus, trafficked women and children who are part of the Japanese sex trade are outside the reach of the law and anyone else who can save them from a fate that is dependent exclusively upon the whims of organized criminal elements (The International Human Rights Law Institute DePaul University College of Law, 2001). Thus, the government should be blamed for not implementing strict rules and regulations to prevent human traff icking. In addition, it was also said that labor inspection is governments responsibility. One of the main obstacles in labor inspection is the governments support in terms of financial. The budget allocation for labor inspection is very minimal and it is so little that there is nothing that can be done with that amount of money. Thus, it is said that weak labor inspection is directly affected by the government. When labor inspection is inefficient, it will also be hard to tackle human trafficking as well (Richthofen, 2002). On the whole, the lack of government enforcement in human trafficking, the lack of suitable and successful legislation on human trafficking, the situation in the country of origin and also the lack of cooperation between governments with other institutions causes an increase in human trafficking. Thus, the misconception of people about why the media and private enterprise should be blamed for human trafficking should be cleared. In conclusion, governments should solely be blamed for the increase in human trafficking as governments are one of the main contributors to the rise in this issue. Human trafficking can be combated if the government has proper governance. In order to solve this issue, governments, non-governmental organizations, private enterprise, media and local communities should work hand in hand as one-side approach would not be effective. Martin Luther King Jr., an American black leader and a Nobel Prize winner in 1964, stated that Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed (Proverbia.net, 2009). (2, 506 words)

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Birds :: essays research papers fc

Satire defined is 'A composition in verse or prose holding up a vice or folly to ridicule or lampooning individuals… The use of ridicule, irony, sarcasm, etc, in speech or writing for the ostensible purpose of exposing and discourage vice or folly'; (Johnston, 5). In other words, satire is the use of humor to expose moral behavior of man. In the Aristophanes' play The Birds, satire is used to mock the common Greek's dream of ruling the gods that they worship. It mocks the power that they seek to become the supreme ruler of the world. To understand Aristophanes use of satire, one must first understand the role satire plays in sending out its message.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the basis of satire is a sense of moral outrage. This outrage is wrong and needs to be exposed. The goal of a satire is to correct this misconduct of man in a humorous way that makes the audience relate to the problem and try to correct it. Satire 'seeks to use laughter, not just to remind us of our common often ridiculous humanity, but rather to expose those moral excesses, those correctable sorts of behavior which transgress what the writer sees as the limits of acceptable moral behavior'; (Johnston, 5). In exposing these foibles, one could discover not to behave in such a manner by realizing his or her mistakes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When setting up a satire, one must do so in a few steps. The first step is setting up a target which will symbolize the conduct that the satirist wishes to attack. In The Birds, the target is the average Athenian citizen, seeking power Pisthetaerus or in Greek translation, 'companion persuader'; (Luce, 300). Pisthetaerus is upset with his current living conditions and sets out to seek a new place, far better than his existing residence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adding exaggeration and distortion to the target, the satirist then emphasizes the characteristic he wishes to attack. 'The target must be close enough to the real thing for us to recognize what is going on, but sufficiently distorted to be funny, an exaggeration, often a grotesque departure from normality'; (Johnston, 17). After deciding to create a city strategically located between heaven and earth, so the birds can rule god and man, Pisthetaerus eats a magical root that has the powers to give birth to wings. Although it is evident that humans growing wings is not imaginably possible, the birth of wings does give birth to the power that Pisthetaerus craves more of.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Unicef Unesco And Education For All In Cambodia Education Essay

United Nations International Children ‘s Emergency Fund ( UNICEF ) was established on December 11, 1946. He was created in the intent to assist kids and adult females that faced up many jobs in life. He works with 190 states through state plan to get the better of the obstructions such as poorness, force, diseases, and favoritism which are affected to kids in day-to-day life. He does work really active in planetary administration in footings of supplying educational system, assisting kids from injury, force, and advancing information by utilizing engineering. Furthermore, he besides works with many people barely in order to protect kids from environmental jobs because he does non desire the kids suffer from those activities. However, he believes that kids are still threatened by those jobs because he can non vouch kids from being out those jobs. Meanwhile, he besides works really difficult to happen the schemes to forestall the spread of HIV/AIDS among immature people because h e wants to maintain them from injury and enable to protect them. However, non merely kids but besides adult females he besides promote misss ‘ instruction because he wants to promote misss have a really deep thought, better citizens in society every bit good as a good female parent for her ain kids. UNESCO ( United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ) was created on November 4, 1946. He was established in order to work out jobs that related to wellness, poorness, and instruction that provide installations throughout the universe. In a nut shell, he is responsible for advancing peace, societal justness, human rights, and international security through international cooperation on educational scientific discipline and cultural plans. He has 193 member provinces and 7 associate member provinces ; hence, we trust that we will success in footings of covering with those jobs that we work manus in manus together. More of import than this, we play a critical function in United Nations in footings of cut downing utmost poorness in developing states, extinguishing gender inequalities in primary and secondary instruction, advancing sustainable development and particularly he wants to accomplish the end by 2015. As a consequence, he besides has his ain intent for futur e that he will seek to advance instruction every bit much as possible, societal justness and planetary peace and cooperation. MDG ( Millennium Development Goal ) was adopted by UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. He was established for ASEAN as a whole in order to do all the states in ASEAN obtain the end by 2015 successfully which is ASEAN Community. Furthermore, today he non merely has the fiscal resources to stop utmost poorness but besides has technological cognition to forestall this job in order to avoid this job go on once more and once more. Therefore, MDG has put eight chief schemes for ASEAN states to follow in order to develop the state such as: 1/ Eliminate utmost hungriness and poorness 2/ Achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction 3/ Promote gender equality and empower adult females 4/ Reduce kid mortality 5/ Improve maternal wellness 6/ Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7/ Ensure environmental sustainability 8/ Develop a planetary partnership for development. Education was offered by the WATS ( pagoda ) in Cambodia that provided merely male population to larn, in the yesteryear. Female were prohibited. That ‘s why Cambodia remains a batch of uneducated misss that had no activities or action which involve in societal work after Pot Pot government. Furthermore, during that period, the figure of qualified people such as instructors, research workers, and technicians, physicians were died. More significantly, that government led to get rid of instruction, consistently destructing learning stuffs, and so on. Schools and universities were closed. Not for long clip, this government was collapsed. The new authorities came up and had responsibility to retrace the instruction system since these substructures were to a great extent destroyed and besides many educated people were killed. However, he was rather hard to retrace the instruction system because our authorities did non hold ability to put in all the stuffs instantly since we merely w oke up from war. Actually, he can did it unless taking for long times.MC # 2: Function of UNICEF, UNESCO, the MDG, and Education for All in CambodiaUNICEF plays a critical function in Cambodia in footings of assisting hapless people and uneducated people particularly people populating in urban or rural country. Beside this job, UNICEF besides provides gender equality in Cambodia. There is no favoritism in this society. Furthermore, all kids have an equal chance to have an instruction and they can anticipate what they will acquire for their future life. They have a really strong committedness for their future life. UNESCO plays an of import function in Cambodia in footings of sharing cognition. Knowledge can do or take people to hold a really bright hereafter because when people have knowledge, people can protect themselves from something go on around them. However, UNESOC besides has another intent that desiring to construe to Cambodia is peace and security by advancing coaction among the states through instruction, scientific discipline, and civilization in order to foster cosmopolitan regard for justness, for the regulation of jurisprudence, and for the human rights and cardinal freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the universe, without differentiation of race, sex, linguistic communication or faith. These are sensible that Cambodia demand because after woke up from war, Cambodia still non stay peace. MDG is one portion of organisation. He besides has map to develop since Cambodia remains a batch of poorness after war. In the existent state of affairs that MDG was practiced in Camb odia about how to extinguish poorness. Cambodia needs to set up a mechanism for periodic reappraisals of advancement made towards bettering policy coordination at all degrees. However, it ‘s rather hard for Cambodia to make so because Cambodia is considered as a developing state which has no adequate natural stuffs, fiscal, human resources and so on. Nonetheless, in order to accomplish MDGs, non merely Cambodia but besides other states need to develop appropriate roadmaps suited to local demands and conditions. Education for all is really of import for Cambodia. Education is the primary vehicle by which economically and socially marginalized grownups and kids can raise themselves out of poorness. Besides, instruction has a critical function in authorising adult females, safeguarding kids from exploitative the environment, and commanding population growing. Education is the great thing that Cambodia need because Cambodia needs human resources to develop state to go comfortable state.MC # 3: The advantages of UNICEF, UNESCO, the MDG, and Education for All in CambodiaUNICEF has a batch of advantages that UNICEF provides to the hapless states particularly Cambodia. UNICEF working with many organisations in order to cover with some issues such as poorness, force, disease, and favoritism in a kid ‘s way that many states is confronting. This organisation works really hard in order to get the better of those jobs. Notwithstanding, he tries to advance misss instruction for guaranting that miss s can finish primary instruction as a lower limit in order to protect themselves from force, foolish, and so no. Furthermore, he works to support the spread of HIV/AID among immature people because it is right to maintain them from injury. However, from my point of position, I can state that the activities that UNICEF act is really right for Cambodia because after Pol Pot government ( race murder ) , Cambodia remains many people who burden HIV/AID virus, orphaned, poorness, and uneducated people. Therefore, the manner that UNICEF performs provides a batch of advantages to Cambodia to extinguish those diseases and all issues that happened in Cambodia from the past until now. Nevertheless, UNICEF does non hold ability to assist Cambodia what he has met presents but he can assist Cambodia to cut down those issues at least from 0 % to 50 % . UNESCO is besides help hapless states to avoid those jobs, but he concentrates much on instruction since this organisation wants people all over the universe to go knowing individual that society need in order to divert from force, poorness, and so on. This organisation has his map similar to UNICEF. Hence, I can state that since this organisation takes topographic point in Cambodia, now there are many people understood much on instruction particularly in university and besides many adult females working in ministries and companies. Since I described briefly about rubric of the end MDG before, now I will state them more clearly. Of class, there are eight ends for accomplishing the MDG by 2015. However, he is really difficult to make so since some states can non pattern its. First, eradicate extreme poorness and hungriness which steps by utilizing poorness spread ratio, portion of poorest quintile in national ingestion, prevalence of scraggy kids under-five old ages of age, and proportion of own-account and lending household workers in entire employment to do certain that there is lower poorness or hungriness occur in the state. Second, achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction which will be guarantee that by 2015, kids everyplace, male childs and misss likewise, will be able to finish a full class of primary schooling for guaranting that miss can obtain knowledge every bit to work forces without favoritism. This is a really of import point that Cambodia needs. Third, promote gender equality and empower adult fema les which is the intent of eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary instruction, sooner by 2005, and in all degrees of instruction no subsequently than 2015 by sharing the adult females in pay employment in the non-agricultural sector. Fourth, cut down kid mortality is the mark to cut down by two tierces, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate to do certain that there is a low of infant mortality rate. Fifth, better maternal wellness by utilizing the maternal mortality ratio, and utilizing prophylactic prevalence rate. Sixth, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases in order to do certain that those disease will be reduced by 2015 which utilizing the ratio of school attending of orphans to school attending o non-orphans aged 10-14 old ages. Seventh, guarantee environmental sustainability in the mark that integrate the rules of sustainable development into state policies and plans and change by reversal the loss of environmental resources. Eighth, develop a planetary partnership for development in the arm of developing farther an unfastened, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and fiscal system and turn to the particular demands of the least developed states. Education for all is utile for everyone without favoritism both male childs and misss in this universe. Learning is the most powerful tool because the more we know the better we get along in the universe. If we do non hold cognition, we are really hard to populate in this universe since this universe is traveling to seek modern engineering, Furthermore, we have knowledge, we are certainly to acquire a better occupation with a high paid.MC # 4: The impact of UNICEF, UNESCO, the MDG, and Education for All in CambodiaFor positive point of UNICEF, he starts his cooperation in Cambodia in 1952 as a portion of its planetary and Asia-wide regional plan to better kid wellness and wellbeing. UNICEF was helped Cambodia a batch in footings of instruction system, wellness attention service, so on and so away. He helps Cambodia in the intent of forcing Cambodia to go a strong state that full of human resources that would be helped Kampuchean citizens in the following hereafter since the state can develop or non develop based upon on human resources. Positive point of UNESCO, it is non much impact since it is non play in a major function in Cambodia. It merely shows us merely about the negative point. UNESCO provides disadvantages more than advantages. For illustration, in instance PREAH VIHEAR TEMPLE, harmonizing to the web site of one of the celebrated Thai English Newspaper called THE NATION REPORT which announce on Thursday 21, May 2009, said that the UNESCO is unjust because the occupation of UNESCO is to guarantee that this heritage is good conserved. Why UNESCO has to inquire for permission from Thailand if they are merely visit Cambodia? Is Thailand Cambodia ‘s parent? Actually, for this statement, it depicts really clear that UNESCO is unjust in footings of judging the universe heritage. MDG, really MDG play a really of import function in Cambodia in footings of assisting Cambodia to cut down poorness in the state chiefly. A few month ago, in Phnom Penh metropolis ( in forepart of BO TUM VATEY pagoda ) , many official authorities ran this plan for advancing by gather together many people include high school pupils, workers, motor cab, and so on came to speak in order to portion some information which relate to poorness to do certain that these sorts of people understand good what is poorness and where does it come from. Conversely, it is rather difficult to make so since our state deficiency of human resources. Education for All, Cambodia is increasing a batch of schools from the lower grade to the higher grade at everyplace in the state to do certain that all people can hold opportunity to derive cognition in order to better themselves to back up populating criterion. Besides, I think that it is non much influence to Cambodia because now many people are educated so they understand good before they decide to make anything. We can see that most of people are be givening to travel to school.MC # 5: Future position of UNICEF, UNESCO, the MDG, and Education for All in CambodiaUNICEF plays a really of import function in Cambodia in footings of supplying instruction, assisting kids from force, advancing on the utilizations of engineering. Besides, UNICEF works on five issues of kids such as instruction, safety of kids and growing, preparation of kids in their early age, mistreatment and maltreatment guard the kids from maltreatment, and HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, UNICEF works really difficult to happ en the schemes to forestall the spread of HIV/AIDS among immature people since he wants to keep kids from injury and enable them to protect others. In add-on, UNICEF is working with many organisations in order to cover with some issues such as poorness, force, diseases, and favoritism. He works much on developing state. Additionally, he is besides holding a position since he works really difficult for assisting hapless states. The policy model covers all those who are deemed excluded, consisting handicapped kids, working kids, street kids, those with disablements, those with larning troubles, the really hapless, those in geographically distant countries, those from lingual, cultural or cultural minorities, those with parents who have stigmatized occupations, those with HIV or whose parents have HIV, those displaced by struggle or natural catastrophe, but non accomplishing in school and those that drop out of school. Integrated schooling systems consisting of all denominations, are t o be considered, to further societal coherence and better apprehension among communities. UNESCO is besides play a really indispensable manner to assist Cambodia. It helps Cambodia in the intent of forcing Cambodia to go a good state that full of human resources that would be help Cambodia in the following hereafter. Besides, it might believe that state can develop based upon on human resource. Furthermore, UNESCO is besides help hapless states to avoid those jobs, but he concentrates much on instruction since this organisation wants people all over the universe have instruction to divert from force, poorness, and so on. However, UNESCO is still weak that can non happen the right thing to the victim since the victim demand for aid like Cambodia. This organisation has his map similar to UNICEF. Hence, I can state that since this organisation takes topographic point in Cambodia, now there are many people understood much on instruction particularly in rural country. Besides, people who live in countryside let their girls to travel to school. Of class, now it shows us really exactly that there are many adult females pupils who are analyzing in university and besides many adult females working in ministries and companies. The MDG is besides plays a major function in footings of assisting hapless provinces for covering with some issues that those states are confronting. Harmonizing to my point of position, I can reason that the MDG is really difficult to accomplish the end by 2015 since the status of MDG for hapless provinces are rather difficult for them to follow. For the existent illustration of Cambodia, Cambodia is really difficult to obtain those standards since Cambodia deficiency of natural stuffs, human resources, so on and so forth. However, I trust that by 2020, the MDG can derive these aims since the hapless provinces are traveling to modernization provinces. Finally, the Education for All, I believe that it will obtain its end since it provides tonss about instruction system to hapless states since the hapless provinces deficiency of scheme to learn to pupils and no criterion for Cambodia pupils as a whole.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Do the Benefits of Joining the Euro Outweigh the Disadvantages Essay Example

Do the Benefits of Joining the Euro Outweigh the Disadvantages Essay Example Do the Benefits of Joining the Euro Outweigh the Disadvantages Paper Do the Benefits of Joining the Euro Outweigh the Disadvantages Paper The changeover to euro notes and coins is now complete across a eurozone of 300 million people, for the majority of British people the debate over whether to adopt the single currency is just getting started. For most people in the UK the decision will not be an easy one. With those who have already decided, there will be people who argue that the introduction of the single currency is just the next step in the development of a truly single market which will lead to greater economic prosperity, stability and security for Europes inhabitants, and that by joining the euro, Britain would get a part in what could eventually become the worlds most powerful economic zone. Others believe that a successful common market is not dependent on the adoption of a single currency, which they see as merely another step towards the political union of Europe. This, they say, will lead to a loss of national sovereignty, weakening the voice of the British electorate. By presenting some of the arguments put forward by both sides of the debate over British membership of the euro, my aim is not to promote one set of arguments over the other, but to introduce some of the key campaign issues, which are being promoted. Research Methodology To find out the views and opinions of the people living in Pembroke and Pembroke Dock, I carried out primary research in the form of a short questionnaire and gave it to a random sample of 40 people. A sample of the questionnaire can be found on page 1 of the appendix along with the results in figures alongside the questions, and graphs to illustrate the results on page 2. I also got secondary information from the Internet. Samples of these can be found on page 3 of the appendix. Advantages of joining the euro: 1. The first significant advantage which membership to the Euro brings is the fact that it will eliminate transaction costs of converting national currencies, with savings estimated at around  £2 billion annually. The first implication of this is lower prices to EU consumers of products imported and exported within the EU. As a result of this, the rate of inflation should fall, relative to the percentage change of price in imported products. Reduced transaction costs for traders, 2. Firms will incur lower costs of production as a result of the elimination of transaction costs, making export and import markets more efficient. The next step of the decrease in costs to countries exporting products within the EU could be that prices of domestically produced products may fall to compete with cheaper imports from other EU countries. 3. Euro zone multinationals are likely to benefit from substantial economies of scale as many barriers to trade within the Euro zone are removed. The occurrence of economies of scale is attributable to a decrease in average cost resulting from an increase in output. As a result of a decreased average cost to Euro-zone firms, again prices will be lower to Euro-zone consumers. 4. Firms will no longer be able to segment markets and charge different prices in different currencies. Because of the relative price stability associated with the adoption of the Euro as a result of price transparency, it is unlikely that Euro-zone firms would be able to legitimately charge different prices to consumers in different countries, thus the producer surplus attributable to price discrimination would fall substantially. 5. As a result of price discrimination, competition within the Euro-zone is likely to rise, as firms will be encouraged to lower prices and work towards productive efficiency in order to increase profits. 6. The UK is likely to benefit from lower inflation often associated with Euro-zone countries as a result of the implementation of tight monetary and fiscal policy. As a result of this, The Bank of England monetary policy committee are likely to be able to decrease short-run interest rates in order to maximise economic growth as well as to increase investment by firms, resulting in a shift to the right in the economys production possibility curve. 7. A loss of inward investment if we fail to join. This popular argument fails to distinguish between the loss of such investment due to the overvaluation of the pound, and the loss of it due to non-membership of the Euro. These are quite separate issues, and the former seems considerably more likely to be significant. In fact the Invest in Britain Bureau announced in March 2000 that Britains stock of inward investment rose by 25% (to about  £250b) in the first twelve months of the Euro. Although this investment represents decisions taken before 1999, it had been known for some years that Britain would not be in the first wave of members. 8. Exchange rate stability for over half of UK trade. This would encourage higher levels of trade, as exporters and importers realised that their profit margin could no longer disappear with an unanticipated exchange rate movement. Remember though that we have a major trade deficit with the EU, and that imports as well as exports will experience this new exchange rate stability. Remember also that 47% of our trade is not with the EU, and that the Euro itself has been unstable against other currencies. An appreciation of the Euro against the dollar subsequent to our joining would do the UKs important trade with the USA no favours. 9. UK firms would probably enjoy reduced borrowing costs, encouraging investment and growth, as British interest rates fell to European levels, and UK homebuyers would enjoy cheaper mortgages. It is true that industrial investment in this country has been persistently handicapped by the short term use of interest rates against inflation, but even the present level of interest rates in the UK appears to have set off house price inflation in the south. 10. Rip-off Britain: Those firms that currently price discriminate between different European markets would find it difficult to sustain this practice as price transparency increased. Some profits could be lost by UK firms, but consumers could benefit. Disadvantages of joining the euro: 1. As with ERM membership in 1990-2, a major concern of some economists is that membership of the Euro would deprive the UK of an independent monetary policy, and subject it to a possibly inappropriate monetary regime. If Euro interest rates were lower than seemed appropriate for the UK, as according to the Bank of Englands Monetary Policy Committee they are at present, an inflationary increase of the UK money supply could only be prevented by a tougher than desired fiscal stance, aimed at reducing the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSBR). Because the UK economic cycle tends to follow the USA, it is hard to see how the one size fits all monetary policy of the European Central Bank would be in the UKs interest. 2. As an abundance of economic data suggests, many interest rates in large European economies are far lower than the UKs rate. If the UK economy were forced into implementing a lower and arguably unsuitable interest rate, then this would most likely lead to severe demand pull inflationary pressures induced by excess aggregate demand. If the UK were granted no powers to intervene, the likelihood is that the UK government would have little choice but to leave the Euro in order to prevent the disastrous scenario of hyperinflation. 3. As with decimalisation in 1971, converting to a new currency offers an opportunity to retailers to round up prices and take advantage of the confusion. The depreciation of the pound required to secure entry at a viable exchange rate would also cause import price inflation. 4. In practice, it could be argued that the Euro is likely to be far less stable than many of the European currencies it replaces, including Pound Sterling. As a result of this, it would make it extremely difficult for British firms to make financial forecasts and plans because of the volatility of the demand for imports, as well as the demand for exports outside of the Euro-zone. If the demand for products produced by British exporters is price elastic, then an increase in price caused by fluctuations in the Euro exchange rate will lead to a substantial fall in demand, and a possible threat of insolvency. 5. One-off costs of converting IT systems and coin machines, and training staff, have been estimated at up to  £36 billion. These costs would be encountered by UK firms after their competitors in the existing Euro-zone had bedded in the new systems, and thus UK firms would be at a competitive disadvantage for a couple of years after joining in addition to paying the capital cost. Although derided by Gordon Brown as not worth the paper its written on, this estimate seems not unreasonable and no alternative estimate has been offered by the proponents of entry. 6. Stock market decline: It has been estimated that  £300 billion could be moved from UK stocks into European stocks as a result of portfolio adjustments which will be required as a result of entry by market tracking funds. Such a decline would put upward pressure on interest rates and make it more difficult for UK firms to borrow in order to invest. UK fund managers will also have to follow the precedent of European fund managers who used to speculate in European currencies, before the creation of the Euro put a stop to that (except with regard to sterling) and forced them to conduct their arbitrage in other markets, thus involving the movement of funds out of the Euro zone. More funds would therefore flow out of the Euro zone and into the dollar and yen, putting more downward pressure on the Euro. 7. Fraud and crime: The Euro notes come in great variety and are not even all on the same paper. Detecting forgeries could be greatly complicated. At 500 Euros the largest note could be particularly attractive to criminals. 8. Higher levels of unemployment would follow an inability to continue to match economic efficiency with the Euro zone, and the UK could not, as in the past, be rescued by currency depreciation. Euro membership is legally irrevocable. For more arguments for and against joining the euro, specifically regarding the economy, and business and trade, turn to page 11 of the appendix. The Five Tests The 1997-2001 Blair government established five conditions that must be satisfied before joining 1.Convergence of business cycles, enabling the UK to be comfortable with Euro interest rates 2.Enough flexibility in the Euro system to deal with problems 3.The impact on firms choosing to invest in the UK 4.The impact on the competitive position of the UK financial industry 5.The impact on growth, stability and jobs It can be seen that the majority of these tests are subjective questions that perform a political rather than economic function; that is, they allowed the government to put off a decision that was likely to be unpopular. Several of the tests are unquantifiable matters of opinion, and will probably be subjected to anecdotal rather than scientific evidence in any referendum campaign. Conclusion: Overall, the benefits of United Kingdom joining the euro do outweigh the disadvantages. Plus the adoption of the Euro is likely to result in a stable trading climate within the Euro-zone, allowing firms to make long-term decisions and realistic financial projections. Implementation of the Euro is likely to mean that both the UK, and the collective Euro-zone will have increasing influence in the world economy, and this will reduce the volatility of the Euro, thus promoting long-term trade with countries external to the Euro-zone. A further reason once more promoting the adoption of the Euro is the fact that British firms are likely to become more productively efficient as a result of the reduction in average cost arising from the incurrence of substantial economies of scale.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Habits and Traits of Stoneflies, Order Plecoptera

Habits and Traits of Stoneflies, Order Plecoptera Aquatic stonefly nymphs live only in cool, clean streams, and are an important bioindicator of good water quality. Stoneflies belong to the order Plecoptera, which comes from the Greek for twisted wings. Description Adult stoneflies are fairly drab insects, with flattened, soft bodies. They hold their wings flat over the bodies when at rest. Stonefly adults have long, threadlike antennae, and a pair of cerci extends from the abdomen. Stoneflies have two compound eyes and three simple eyes and chewing mouthparts, though not all species feed as adults. Stoneflies fly poorly, so they dont stray far from the stream where they lived as nymphs. Adults are short-lived. Stoneflies exhibit unusual courtship behavior. The males drum their abdomens on a substrate to send an acoustic signal to potential female mates. A receptive female drums her response. The pair will continue to drum to each other, gradually moving closer and closer until they meet, and mate. After mating, females deposit their eggs in the water. Stonefly nymphs develop slowly, taking 1 to 3 years to molt repeatedly before emerging as adults. Stoneflies are so named because the nymphs often live under stones in streams or rivers. They feed on a variety of plant and animal matter, both dead and living, depending on the species and age of the nymph. Habitat and Distribution As nymphs, stoneflies inhabit cold, fast-flowing streams in pristine condition. Adult stoneflies are terrestrial but tend to stay close to the streams from which they emerge. Worldwide, entomologists identify about 2,000 stonefly species, about a third of which live in the U.S. and Canada. Major Families in the Order Family Perlidae - common stonefliesFamily Leuctridae - rolled-winged stonefliesFamily Taeniopterygidae - winter stonefliesFamily Nemouridae - spring stoneflies Families and Genera of Interest Adult stoneflies in the subfamily Isoperlinae appear to be pollen feeders.Female Pteronarcys dorsata stoneflies measure as much as 55 cm in length.Nymphs of the family Peltoperlidae resemble cockroaches.The Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly, Capnia lacustra, spends its entire life cycle (even as an adult) deep within Lake Tahoe. It is an endemic species to Lake Tahoe. Sources Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, Charles A. Triplehorn, and Norman F. Johnson.Order Plecoptera - Stoneflies, Bugguide.net. Accessed online February 15, 2011.Guide to Aquatic Insects and Crustaceans, Izaak Walton League of America.

Monday, November 4, 2019

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND INFORMATION SECURITY AND ETHICS Essay - 1

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND INFORMATION SECURITY AND ETHICS - Essay Example The internet has also made it possible for consumers to make decisions in a stress free environment without succumbing to any pressure thus making the process enjoyable. Â  The entertainment industry has also not been left out with this latest trend in business. Most entertainment products are distributed either in digital or physical form. This has aided in the sale, purchase, and distribution of entertainment content. Some of the products on sale are music, audio books, videos, e-books, and games. Electronic and mobile commerce has enabled consumers to purchase and download content from the internet through download portals (Obrien & Marakas, 2005). Transactions are done online and payments made using business cards like visa cards and PayPal. Most of these websites only sell official and legal sheet music. Therefore, mobile and electronic commerce has brought entertainment at the fingertips of consumers. Consumers can now download music anytime anywhere. Â  The financial industry has also had its share of the electronic and the mobile commerce. Banking services have improved as customers can now deposit and withdraw money online through mobile banking. There is also increased online brokerage. Another impact of electronic commerce is evident in the stock trading market. Investors can now monitor their stocks and trade them online. Another benefit of electronic commerce is the system of smart card based payment. This has enabled easier transaction by reducing the use of hard cash in making payments thus ensuring cash safety. Â  Electronic and mobile commerce has also boosted transactions in the retail industry. Selling of goods and services has been made easier by allowing customers to choose, make decisions place orders and even pay for their products (Rayport & Jaworski, 2002). This type of commerce has enabled buyers and sellers from all over the world to meet on the same site. Therefore, it has